Corporate strategy of pirelli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate system of pirelli - Essay Example It is a pioneer in the field of elastic related ventures. It has examined extensions in tire and telecom industry both vertically and evenly. Pirelli produced colossal work openings since the time its origin. Indeed, even in 1872 it utilized near one thousand individuals, a sign of the financial commitments, since their commencement. Pirelli’s development guaranteed monetary success in Italy as well as in different pieces of the World. Pirelli extended its business and spread flourishing by expanding the GDP of the nation’s it works. Created countries were more than intrigued to profit the administrations of Pirelli as it would carry financial flourishing to their countries. At the point when an association needs to extend, it can seek after development techniques. A portion of the development methodologies are an) Expansion through joining b) Expansion through broadening c) Expansion through participation. Pirelli’s extension plans comprised of all the previously mentioned alternatives. Reconciliation essentially implies joining exercises based on the worth chain identified with the current movement of the organization. From elastic sheets, belts, sections, and vulcanized items at first to creation of bike and four wheeler tires is a case of their vertical forward joining. Pirelli was additionally seen making fast improvement in its even mix. Pirelli was a pioneer in expansion of its organizations. Truth be told, incorporating in the lines of the current business it self is a demonstration of concentric expansion. Aside from that Pirelli began developing topographically at a fast, yet in a precise way. Pirelli’s internationalization began from the earliest starting point of 1900 onwards. Its development to Barcelona in Spain was trailed by a comparable endeavor in Britain in 1914, and by 1920 plants had additionally been set up in Brazil, Greece, Argentina, Turkey, and German is a reality of Pirelli’s clinical methodology towards internationalization of their organizations. Activities were likewise made

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Six Free Essays

â€Å"I don’t know how you might be bored,† Savitri said to me, inclining toward a perception deck rail as we watched out from Phoenix Station to the Magellan. â€Å"This place is great.† I investigated at her with mock doubt. We will compose a custom paper test on Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Six or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now â€Å"Who are you, and what have you finished with Savitri Guntupalli?† â€Å"I don’t comprehend what you mean,† Savitri stated, insipidly. â€Å"The Savitri I know was wry and bitter,† I said. â€Å"You are generally gushy, similar to a student. Accordingly: You’re not Savitri. You are some terrible spunky disguised outsider thing, and I abhor you.† â€Å"Point of order,† Savitri said. â€Å"You’re a student, and you scarcely ever spout. I’ve known you for a considerable length of time and I don’t trust I have ever observed you engaged with a spouting occurrence. You are as a rule spout free.† â€Å"Fine, you spout significantly more than a schoolgirl,† I said. â€Å"Which just exacerbates it. I trust you’re happy.† â€Å"I am,† Savitri said. â€Å"Thank you for noticing.† â€Å"Hrrrumph,† I stated, feigned exacerbation for additional impact, and put forth a concentrated effort to the perception deck rail with reestablished testiness. I was not really aggravated with Savitri. She had an incredible motivation to be energized; for her entire life she’d been on Huckleberry and now, at long last, she was elsewhere: on Phoenix Station, the space station, the biggest single thing people had ever assembled, drifting above Phoenix, the home planet of the whole Colonial Union. For whatever length of time that I had known her †which was for whatever length of time that she had been my dad’s aide, back in New Goa, on Huckleberry †Savitri had developed a demeanor of general brilliant assery, which is one explanation I venerated her and admired her. One must have good examples, you know. However, after we had lifted from Huckleberry her fervor from at long last getting the opportunity to see a greater amount of the universe had gotten to her. She’d been unguardedly amped up for everything; she even rose right on time to watch the Magellan, the boat that would take us to Roanoke, dock with Phoenix Station. I was upbeat for her that she was so amped up for everything, and I ridiculed her cruelly for it each possibility I got. At some point, indeed, there would be restitution †Savitri showed me quite a bit of what I think about being a smartass, however not all that she thought about it †yet up to that point it was one of only a handful hardly any things keeping me engaged. Tune in: Phoenix Station is immense, it’s occupied, and except if you have a real activity †or like Savitri are only in from the sticks †there is nothing going on. It’s not an entertainment mecca, it’s only a major dull mix of government workplaces, docks and military central command, all stuck into space. In the event that it weren’t for the way that venturing outside to get some natural air would murder you †no natural air, just lung-popping vacuum †it could be any enormous, nondescript, dead-exhausting city community anyplace people meet up to do large, anonymous, dead-exhausting metro things. It isn't intended for the sake of entertainment, or if nothing else any kind of fun I was keen on having. I guess I could have documented something. That would have been a kick. Savitri, notwithstanding being numbly energized not to be on Huckleberry, was likewise being worked extremely hard by John and Jane: them three had invested almost the entirety of their energy since we showed up at Phoenix Station finding a workable pace on Roanoke, finding out about the homesteaders who might be with us, and directing the stacking of provisions and gear onto the Magellan. This didn’t come as news to me, however it left me with not a ton to do, and nobody a lot to do it with. I couldn’t even do much with Hickory, Dickory, or Babar; Dad advised Hickory and Dickory to hide out while we were on Phoenix Station, and canines weren’t truly permitted the run of the station. We needed to spread out paper towels for Babar to do his thing on. The primary night I did this and attempted to get him to do what needs to be done, he gave me a look that said you must child. Apologies, amigo. Presently pee, damn it. The main explanation I was getting some time with Savitri at all was that through an astute blend of whimpering and blame I had persuaded her to take her mid-day break with me. And still, at the end of the day she had brought her PDA and spent portion of lunch going over shows. She was even amped up for that. I revealed to her I figured she may be sick. â€Å"I’m sorry you’re bored,† Savitri stated, back in the present. â€Å"You should clue to your parents.† â€Å"Trust me, I did,† I said. â€Å"Dad really ventured up, as well. He said he’s going to bring me down to Phoenix. Do some very late shopping and other things.† different things were the primary purpose behind us to go, yet I didn’t need to bring them up to Savitri; I was irritable enough as it seemed to be. â€Å"You haven’t go over some other settlers your own age yet?† Savitri inquired. I shrugged. â€Å"I’ve seen some of them.† â€Å"But you haven’t addressed any of them,† Savitri said. â€Å"Not really,† I said. â€Å"Because you’re shy,† Savitri said. â€Å"Now your mockery comes back,† I said. â€Å"I’m thoughtful to your boredom,† Savitri said. â€Å"But less so if you’re simply marinating in it.† She glanced around at the perception work area, which had a couple of others in it, sitting or perusing or gazing out at the boats docked at the station. â€Å"What about her?† she stated, highlighting a young lady who looked about my age, who was peering out the deck window. I looked over. â€Å"What about her?† I said. â€Å"She looks about as exhausted as you,† Savitri said. â€Å"Appearances can be deceiving,† I said. â€Å"Let’s check,† Savitri stated, and before I could stop her called to the next young lady. â€Å"Hey,† Savitri said. â€Å"Yes?† the young lady said. â€Å"My companion here thinks she’s the most exhausted high school young lady on the whole station,† Savitri stated, pointing at me. I had no place to wince. â€Å"I was thinking about whether you had anything to state about that.† â€Å"Well,† the young lady stated, following a moment. â€Å"I don’t need to boast, yet the nature of my weariness is outstanding.† â€Å"Oh, I like her,† Savitri said to me, and afterward waved the young lady over. â€Å"This is Zoe,† she stated, presenting me. â€Å"I can talk,† I said to Savitri. â€Å"Gretchen,† she stated, stretching out her hand to me. â€Å"Hello,† I stated, taking it. â€Å"I’m inspired by your fatigue and might want to hear more,† Gretchen said. OK, I thought. I like her as well. Savitri grinned. â€Å"Well, since both of you appear to be similarly coordinated, I need to go,† she said. â€Å"There are holders of soil conditioners that need my attention.† She gave me a peck, waved to Gretchen, and left. â€Å"Soil conditioners?† Gretchen said to me, after she had gone. â€Å"It’s a long story,† I said. â€Å"I’ve got only time,† Gretchen said. â€Å"Savitri is the associate to my folks, who are going up another colony,† I stated, and highlighted the Magellan. â€Å"That’s the boat we’re going on. One of Savitri’s occupations is to ensure that everything that’s on the show list really gets put on the boat. I surmise she’s up to soil conditioners.† â€Å"Your guardians are John Perry and Jane Sagan,† Gretchen said. I gazed at her for a moment. â€Å"Yeah,† I said. â€Å"How do you know?† â€Å"Because my father discusses them a lot,† she stated, and motioned toward the Magellan. â€Å"This settlement your folks are driving? It was his thought. He was Erie’s delegate on the CU assembly, and for quite a long time he contended that individuals from built up states ought to have the option to colonize, not simply individuals from Earth. At last the Department of Colonization concurred with him †and afterward it gave the administration of the state to your folks rather than him. They told my father it was a political compromise.† â€Å"What did your father consider that?† I inquired. â€Å"Well, I just met you,† Gretchen said. â€Å"I don’t realize what kind of language you can handle.† â€Å"Oh. All things considered, that’s not good,† I said. â€Å"I don’t think he abhors your parents,† Gretchen stated, rapidly. Dislike that. He recently accepted that in the wake of all that he did, he’d get the chance to lead the state. ‘Disappointment’ doesn’t even start to cover it. In spite of the fact that I wouldn’t state he enjoys your folks, either. He got a document on them when they were selected and afterward went through the day murmuring to himself as he read it.† â€Å"I’m sorry he’s disappointed,† I said. In my mind I was thinking about whether I expected to compose Gretchen off as a potential companion; one of those idiotic â€Å"our houses are at war† situations. The main individual my age I meet, going to Roanoke, and we were at that point in various camps. Be that as it may, at that point she stated, â€Å"Yeah, well. At one point he got a little inept about it. He was contrasting himself with Moses, similar to, Oh, I’ve drove my kin to the guaranteed land however I can’t enter myself† †and here she made little hand developments to complement the point †â€Å"and that’s when I concluded he was blowing up. Since we’re going, you know. Also, he’s on your parents’ warning gathering. So I advised him to suck it up.† I flickered. â€Å"You really utilized t

Are You Ready - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Are You Ready - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Are You Ready? Summer is a time for vacations, part-time jobs, and relaxation. But for rising HS seniors, it is also time to prepare for the college application process. I am not suggesting you have everything ready to submit an application on opening day of the UGA application (September 1 by the way), but only that you have some things laid out in order to be on top of the process. In our research concerning last years applicant pool, there was a dramatic dip in both admission rates and strength of essays for students who either waited until the last minute to apply or who spent only a few days working on the application. In saying this, here are a few suggestions on steps to take get ready to apply to UGA. Map out your college application plan.If you are like most students, you will apply to 3-5 colleges. If this is the case, you will have to track the deadlines, materials time lines and actions needed for all of these colleges. Get a calendar (electronic or paper) just for admissions time lines, and enter in the deadline dates, scholarship dates, campus programs, deposit dates, etc. for all these colleges. This is the best way to keep this process organized and to not miss out on something. The worst calls we handle are when a student did not do X by a certain deadline and we cant do anything for them except say sorry. Get prepared. Before you start your application, you will need to have the following items on hand; your correct Social Security Number (SSN), a copy of your transcript which shows grades from 9th through 11th grade, a copy of your resume, your SAT/ACT/AP scores and your counselors contact information including email. As well, have your payment information on hand (either a credit card number or a digital copy of a fee waiver). It is key to have the correct SSN when you apply, as all financial aid offices use this as a matching field for all financial aid. I heavily suggest going ahead and sending us your SAT/ACT scores, as this will take care of this step, will pre-populate the test score section of the application, and will possibly allow us to communicate with you about certain events. Start working on your essays.Starting this year (students applying for Fall of 2018), both Early Action (EA) and Regular Decision (RD) applicants must submit 2 short essays, as compared to previous years when only RD and deferred EA applicants submitted them. Summer is the perfect time to start thinking about the UGA admission essays, and to begin the writing process. Make sure to proofread the essays, have someone review them for you, as you do not want to wait until the last minute to start on these. Dont listen to rumors/myths about college admissions.I have been over this many times, so I wont beat a dead horse. All I can say is that I have had three surgeries in my life, but going through the experience does not make me a doctor, just a good patient. Let your parents be involved in the admissions process, but only so much.It is okay to allow your parents to be a part of the college admissions process, but make sure that you are the one who completes the application, writes the essays, etc. Your parents can be great at helping you keep track of deadlines, make plans for visiting colleges, and giving you suggestions about your application. In the end, though, make sure you are the one driving/managing this process, as you are the one who will be at college next year. I hope this helps, and Go Dawgs!

Childless Couples on Television Essay - 650 Words

Childless Couples on Television Throughout the evolution of television, there have always been TV shows of childless television couples, such as The Honeymooners or King of Queens. As television has changed throughout the decades, so have television’s childless couples. In the beginning of television series with childless couples, the wife was the one that stayed at home, cleaned, cooked, and did the laundry. The husband was the one that made the money by going to work. Television series always portrayed women as the weaker characters. â€Å"Women in the early 1950s family were weak, secondary characters, and as such were usually dominated by their husbands and their own conceptions of marriage† (Hastings, 1974). Certain episodes of†¦show more content†¦They always went to work and seemed to have to come home to clean up after the wife’s messes or mistakes. â€Å"The empowerment of men, and the attendant marginalization of women, did not extend to working-class television families. Instead, husbands such as Ralph Kramden (The Honeymooners), were portrayed as inept, immature, stupid, lacking good sense, and emotional† (Douglas, 2003). Men on television had the power in the beginning of television throughout the 1950s a nd ‘60s. Television series of childless couples did start off with this type of format, but have changed for the present time. Throughout the 1970s and ‘80s, television started portraying couples in the middle and working class and showed that both women and men could work together. This was the start of making the wife and husband equally work at jobs, at home, and anywhere else. Despite the fact that there still was slightly more power with the male, the couples could still argue and work together equally. â€Å"In contrast to middle-class couples, working-class spouses seem unhappy and discontented, even though their marriages are generally stable. 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Fixed Income Instruments In India And The Us Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5605 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Treasury Bills (T-Bills) Treasury Bills, are a variety of money market instruments available in both US and India. These are the zero coupon bond and doesnt pay any coupon. Thats why these are generally issued at discount and on maturity redeemed at the face value. In India, also called as Government Instruments (G-secs), it is issued by RBI and are backed by Government of India. These are short term debt instruments as the tenure of currently issued T bills is of 3 varietys: 91 day (3 months), 182 day (6 months) and 364 day (1year). For example, a 91 day Treasury Bill of Rs.100/- (face value) may be issued at a discount of say, Rs.1.80, that is Rs.98.20 and redeemed at the face value of Rs.100/-. The investors will get a return equal to difference between the maturity value or face value (i.e., Rs.100) and the issue price. Treasury Bills are issued through auctions managed by the Reserve Bank of India usually every Wednesday and payments for the Treasury Bills buyd have to be made on the following Friday. The Treasury Bills of 182 days and 364 days tenure are issued on alternate Wednesdays, that is, Treasury Bills of 364 day tenure are issued on the Wednesday preceding the reporting Friday while Treasury Bills of 182 days tenure are issued on the Wednesday prior to a non-reporting Friday. Currently, the notified amount for issuance of 91 day and 182 day Treasury Bills is Rs.500 crore each whereas the notified amount for issuance of 364 day Bill is higher at Rs.1000 crore. Government, at its discretion, can also choose to issue additional amounts of the Treasury Bills by issuing prior notice. An annual calendar of T-Bill issuances for the following financial year is released by the Reserve Bank 8 of India in the last week of March. The Reserve Bank of India also announces the issue details of Treasury bills by way of press release every week. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fixed Income Instruments In India And The Us Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In US it is issued by Fed and is backed by US government. Tenure of US T-bills is 4 weeks, 13 weeks, 26 weeks, or 52 weeks. Generally these are issued in the denomination of USD 1000 and are issued at discount since these are zero coupon bonds. Dated Government Instruments Dated Government Instruments are the Instruments which are longer in term than the T bills. These Instruments pay interest at fixed time periods (usually half yearly) called coupon on the face value and this can be either fixed or floating coupon. The tenor of these Instruments can be up to 30 years. In India, the Public Debt Office (PDO) of the RBI acts as the registry / depository of Government Instruments. This office takes care of all the dealings for these Instruments similar issue, interest payment and repayment of principal at maturity. We generally have fixed coupon Instruments. The nomenclature of a typical dated fixed coupon Government security has the following features coupon, name of the issuer, maturity and face value. e.g. If the bond is called 7.49% GOI 2017 then it would have these features. Date of Issue : April 16, 2007 Date of Maturity : April 16, 2017 Coupon : 7.49% paid on face value Coupon Payment Dates : Half-yearly (October16 and April 16) every year Minimum Amount of issue/ sale : Rs.10,000 Same as the case with Treasury Bills, dated Instruments of both Government of India and State Governments are issued by RBI through auctions. The Auctions are announced by the RBI a week in advance through Press Releases and paid advertisements in major dailies (for dated Instruments). Hence the investors get adequate time in order to plan for the buy of government Instruments through such auctions Varietys of Dated Instruments Fixed Rate Bonds As the name suggests the interest rate i.e. cupon rate is fixed on these bonds for the entire life of the bond. As already told, In india, most Government bonds are issued as fixed rate bonds. e.g. Lets say RBI issue 8.24%GS2018 on April 22, 2008 and the tenor of the bind is 10 years maturing on April 22, 2018. Coupon on this security will be paid half-yearly at 4.12% (as the 8.24% is the total coupon and hence the half yearly payment being the half of it) of the face value and it will be paid on October 22 and April 22 of each year. Floating Rate Bonds As the name suggest these bonds dont have a fixed coupon rate and the coupon is re-set at pre-announced intervals based on a specified methodology. In these bonds the coupon of the bond is re-set at regular intervals and these interval are defined beforehand while issuing the security. The rate is generally calculated by adding a spread over a base rate. In India, most floating rate bonds issued by the GOI, the base rate is the weighted average cutoff yields of the last three 364 day Treasury Bill auction preceding the coupon re-set date. Floating Rate Bonds were first issued in September 1995 in India. For example, a Floating Rate Bond was issued on July 2, 2002 for a tenor of 15 years, maturing on July 2, 2017. The base rate on the bond for the coupon payments was fixed at 6.50% being the weighted average rate of implicit yield on 364 day Treasury Bills during the preceding six auctions. Further, in the bond auction, a cut-off spread (markup over the benchmark rate) of 34 basis points (0.34%) was choosed. Hence the coupon for the first six months was fixed at 6.84%. At the next reset date after six months, assuming that the average cutoff yield in the preceding six auctions of 364 day Treasury Bill is 6.60%, coupon applicable for the next half year would be 6.94%. Zero Coupon Bonds Zero coupon bonds are bonds without any coupon payments. Similar to Treasury Bills, they are issued at a discount to face value. These Instruments were issued by the Government of India in the 1990s, but after that no such issue was made. Capital Indexed Bonds In these instruments, the principal is linked to an accepted index of inflation. The aim is to protect the investor from inflation. A capital indexed bond was issued in December 1997. These bonds then matured in 2002. Steps are now being taken to revive the issuance of the Inflation Indexed Bonds wherein payment of both the coupon and principal payments on the bonds will be linked to an Inflation Index (Wholesale Price Index). Bonds with Call/ Put Options Bonds can also be issued with features of optionality wherein the issuer can have the option to buyback (call option) or the investor can have the option to sell the bond (put option) to the issuer during the currency of the bond. A bond (viz., 6.72%GS2012) with call / put option was issued in India in the year 2002 which will mature in 2012. 6.72%GS2012 was issued on July 18, 2002 for a maturity of 10 years maturing on July 18, 2012. The optionality on the bond could be exercised after completion of five years tenure from the date of issuance on any coupon date falling thereafter. The Government has the right to buyback the bond (call option) at par value (equal to the face value) while the investor has the right to sell the bond (put option) to the Government at par value at the time of any of the half-yearly coupon dates starting from July 18, 2007. Special Instruments In addition to Treasury Bills and dated Instruments issued by the Government of India under the market borrowing programme, the Government of India also issues, from time to time, special Instruments to entities similar Oil Marketing Companies, Fertilizer Companies, the Food Corporation of India, etc. as compensation to these companies in lieu of cash subsidies. These Instruments are usually long dated Instruments carrying coupon with a spread of about 20-25 basis points over the yield of the dated Instruments of comparable maturity.These Instruments are, however, not eligible SLR Instruments but are approved Instruments and are eligible as collateral for market repo transactions. The beneficiary oil marketing companies may divest these 11 Instruments in the secondary market to banks, insurance companies / Primary Dealers, etc., for raising cash. Steps are being taken to begin new varietys of instruments similar STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Instruments). STRIPS are instruments wherein each cash flow of the fixed coupon security is converted into a separate tradable Zero Coupon Bond and traded. For example, when Rs.100 of the 8.24%GS2018 is stripped, each cash flow of coupon (Rs.4.12 each half year) will become coupon STRIP and the principal payment (Rs.100 at maturity) will become a principal STRIP. These cash flows are traded separately as independent Instruments in the secondary market. State Development Loans (SDLs) State Governments also raise loans from the market. SDLs are dated Instruments issued through an auction similar to the auctions managed for dated Instruments issued by the Central Government (see question 3 below). Interest is serviced at half-yearly intervals and the principal is repaid on the maturity date. Similar dated Instruments issued by the Central Government, SDLs issued by the State Governments capacitate for SLR. They are also eligible as collaterals for borrowing through market repo as well as borrowing by eligible entities from the RBI under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF). Reserve Bank Of India Monetary Measures On the basis of the current analysis and in line with the policy stance the Central Bank announces the following policy measures: Bank Rate The Bank Rate has been maintained at 6.0 per cent. Repo Rate It has been decided to: Change the repo rate under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) by 25 basis points from 5.5 per cent to 5.75 per cent with immediate effect. Reverse Repo Rate It has been decided to: Change the reverse repo rate under the LAF by 50 basis points from 4.0 per cent to 4.50 % with immediate effect. Cash Reserve Ratio The cash reserve ratio (CRR) of scheduled banks has been maintained at 6.0 per cent of their net demand and time liabilities (NDTL). Anticipated Outcomes Monetary policy actions are anticipated to: a.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Mild inflation by controlling demand pressures and inflationary anticipations.   b.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Maintain financial conditions contributive to sustaining growth. c.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Generate liquidity conditions concordant with more impelling transmission of policy actions. d.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Change the volatility of short-term rates in a narrower corridor. Since October 2009, when it signalled the reversal of its policy stance, the Central Bank has cumulatively raised the CRR by 100 basis points and the repo and reverse repo rates under the LAF by 75 basis points each. The monetary policy response has been cautious on the basis of Indias specific growth-inflation dynamics in the fuller context of continual global uncertainty. Thus, central banks policy stand for 2010-11 has been influenced by three major approvals: First, domestic economic resurgence is firmly in place and is improving. The 7.4 per cent growth in 2009-10 despite weak global growth and the instriking contribution of the agriculture sector is a proof of the robustness of the Indian economy. Second, inflationary pressures have aggravated and become generalised, with demand-side pressures obviously evident. Third, despite the change in the policy rates by 75 basis points cumulatively, real policy rates are not concordant with the robust growth that the economy is now witnessing. Consequently, overnight call money interest rates have moved towards the higher bound of the LAF corridor, which is equivalent to impelling tightening of rates by 150 basis points. This has also brought the system closer to a point at which policy rate actions are likely to have greater traction. There is no single way to determine the enough width of the policy interest rate corridor. But the guiding principles are: (i) it should be full enough not to unduly incentivise market banks to place their surplus funds with the central bank; (ii) it should not be so full that it gives scope for greater interest rate volatility to deform the policy signal. The challenge, therefore, is to strike the right balance. Against the above stated backdrop, the stance of monetary policy is intended to: Contain inflation and anchor inflationary anticipations, while being prepared to respond to any further build-up of inflationary pressures. Maintain an interest rate regime concordant with price, output and financial firmness. Actively manage liquidity to ensure that it remains fully in balance so that extra liquidity does not dilute the impellingness of policy rate actions. THE MONETARY POLICY PROCESS The Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) on Monetary Policy reviews macroeconomic and monetary improvements and helps the Central Bank on the stance of monetary policy and monetary measures. The TACs role is advisory in nature and the responsibility, transparency and time path of decision-making remains entirely with the Reserve Bank It has been the endeavour of the Central Bank to make the policy making process more consultative. With effect from October 2005, the Central Bank has started pre-policy consultation meetings with the IBA, market banks (PDAI ,FIMMDA, FEDAI), leaders of trade and industry (CII, FICCI, ASSOCHAM and FIEO), credit rating agencies (CRISIL and ICRA), and other banks (RRBs, UCBs, SMEs, MFIs, rural co-operatives , NBFCs,). MONETARY POLICY OPERATIONS: REASONS Based on the overall analysis of the macroeconomic situation, the Policy Statement stressed the need to ensure a policy regime that would enable credit spreading out at viable rates while preserving credit quality so as to support the return of the economy to a high growth path. The monetary stance stressed the need to maintain a monetary and interest rate regime in sync of price firmness and financial firmness, taking into account the emerging lessons of the global financial crisis. Against the backdrop of global and domestic improvements, the Central Bank changed the LAF rates to their historically lowest levels. The repo rate and the reverse repo rate were changed by 25 basis points each Table III.1: Movements in Key Policy Rates in India (Per cent) Impelling since Reverse Repo Rate Repo Rate 1 2 3 April 26, 2008 6.00 7.75 May 10, 2008 6.00 7.75 May 24, 2008 6.00 7.75 June 12, 2008 6.00 8.00 (+0.25) June 25, 2008 6.00 8.50 (+0.50) Jul 5, 2008 6.00 8.50 Jul 19, 2008 6.00 8.50 Jul 30, 2008 6.00 9.00 (+0.50) Aug 30, 2008 6.00 9.00 October 11, 2008 6.00 9.00 October 20, 2008 6.00 8.00 (-1.00) October 25, 2008 6.00 8.00 November 3, 2008 6.00 7.50 (-0.50) November 8, 2008 6.00 7.50 December 8, 2008 5.00 (-1.00) 6.50 (-1.00) January 5, 2009 4.00 (-1.00) 5.50 (-1.00) January 17, 2009 4.00 5.50 March 4, 2009 3.50 (-0.50) 5.00 (-0.50) April 21, 2009 3.25 (-0.25) 4.75 (-0.25) February 13, 2010 3.25 4.75 February 27, 2010 3.25 4.75 March 19, 2010 3.50 (+0.25) 5.00 (+0.25) April 20, 2010 3.75 (+0.25) 5.25 (+0.25) April 24, 2010 3.75 5.25 Jul 2, 2010 4.00 (+0.25) 5.50 (+0.25) Jul 27, 2010 4.50 (+0.50) 5.75 (+0.25) Monetary Policy Statement 2010-11 The process of exit from monetary spreading out in India has been relatively smooth on account of the fact that there was no undue spreading out of the Reserve Banks balance sheet or deterioration in its quality. The Reserve Banks cautious approach to exit since October 2009 ensured that there was adequate liquidity available in the system, so that even while it addressed concerns regarding price firmness, the recovery march was not hampered. On balancing the policy scheduling during the exit phase, it had become important to raise the policy rates to the non-aligned levels in a cautious manner, in view of the changed growth-inflation mix by the end of 2009-10 LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT In 2009-10, the Central Bank continued its policy of maintaining enough liquidity in the system so that all legitimate credit requirements for productive purposes were met, concordant with the objective of price and financial firmness. The management of liquidity was achieved through enough use of OMO, MSS, LAF and a slew of special facilities. The within-year dynamics of liquidity conditions showed the cautious policy response to the evolving macroeconomic and financial market environment, interspersed with the impact of quarterly advance tax outflows. The inter-bank liquidity conditions remained in the surplus mode, with average daily LAF fusing being around  1, 00,000 crore during 2009-10. Neutral Policy Rate Neutral interest rate, as an idea, generally refers to the level of interest rate at which monetary policy stance is neither expansionary nor contractionary. Policy stance can be deemed neutral when the real interest rate reaches a level that is concordant with 100% employment of resources over the medium-term, and hence full capacity output and price firmness. The idea of natural interest rate was first started into economics by the Swedish economist Knut Wicksell in 1898. This rate, theoretically, essentially relates to: (i) the interest rate that equates saving with investment; (ii) the marginal productivity of capital, and (iii) the interest rate that is concordant with aggregate price firmness. https://rbi.org.in/scripts/images/3MOPO240810_1.gif https://rbi.org.in/scripts/images/3MOPO240810_2.gif The daily fusing under the LAF which reached an intra-year peak (1,68,215 crore) on Sept 4, 2009, milded somewhat during the second half of Sept 2009, showing striking outflows on account of advance tax payments The Central Bank purchased G-secs quantitying to  `57,487 crore through the auction route during the first half of 2009-10, whereas MSS unwinding (including de-sequestering of  `28,000 crore on May 2, 2009) was placed at around`70,000 crore over this time. Federal Reserve Bank Policy techniques Open Market Operations OMOspurchases and sales of U.S. Treasury and government agency instrumentsare the Government Reserves principal tool for implementing monetary policy. The short-term objective for OMOs is specified by the  Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC ). This objective can be a desired quantity of portions or a desired price (the federal funds rate). The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository banks provide portions at the Government Reserve to other depository banks overnight.    The Discount Rate The discount rate is the interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository banks on loans they receive from their regional Federal Reserve Banks providing facilitythe discount window. The FRBs offer three discount window facilities to depository banks: primary credit, secondary credit, and seasonal credit, each with its own interest rate. All discount window loans are fully insured. Reserve Requirements Reserve requirements are the quantity of funds that a depository institution must hold in reserve against specified deposit liabilities. Within limits specified by law, the Board of Governors has sole say over changes in reserve requirements. Depository banks must hold portions in the form of vault cash or deposits with FRBs.   Reserve Requirements Liability Type Requirement % of liabilities Net transaction accounts  1   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   $0 to $10.7 Mn2 0   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   More than $10.7 Mn to $55.2 Mn3 3   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   More than $55.2 Mn 10 Nonpersonal time deposits 0 Interest on Required Portions and Extra Portions https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/gifjpg/spacer_1_1.gif The FRBs pay interest on required reserve portionsportions held at Reserve Banks to satisfy reserve requirementsand on extra portionsportions held in extra of required reserve portions and contractual clearing portions. The Board of Governors has prescribed rules governing the payment of interest by FRBs in Regulation D (Reserve Requirements of Depository Banks, 12 CFR Part 204). Current Data: Third Quarter of 2010 Interest Rates Paid on Required Reserve Portions    Banks with 1-Week Maintenance Time    Maintenance Time (Ending on) Rate    Sept 1 .25    Aug 25 .25    Aug 18 .25    Aug 11 .25    Aug 4 .25    Jul 28 .25    Jul 21 .25    Jul 14 .25    Jul 7 .25    Term Asset-Backed Instruments Loan Facility The Term Asset-Backed Instruments Loan Facility (TALF) is a funding facility that will help market banks meet the credit needs of households and small businesses by supporting the issuance of asset-backed securities (ABS) mortgaged by loans of various types to consumers and businesses of all sizes. Under the TALF, the Federal Central Bank of New York (FRBNY) will provide up to $200 billion on a non-recourse basis to holders of certain AAA-rated ABS backed by newly and recently originated consumer and small business loans. The FRBNY will provide an quantity equal to the market value of the ABS less a haircut and will be insured at all times by the ABS. The U.S. Treasury Departmentunder the Troubled Assets Relief Facility (TARP) of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008will provide $20 billion of credit protection to the FRBNY in relation with the TALF. Term Deposit Facility Term deposits will assist the working of monetary policy by providing a new tool by which the Federal Reserve can manage the aggregate quantity of reserve portions held by depository banks. Funds placed in term deposits are removed from the accounts of participating banks for the life of the term deposit and thereby drain reserve portions from the banking system. Reserve Banks will offer term deposits through the Term Deposit Facility (TDF), and all banks that are eligible to receive earnings on their portions at Reserve Banks may participate in the term deposit facility. Expired Policy Techniques During the financial crisis, the Federal Reserve established several facilities to provide liquidity directly to borrowers and investors in key credit markets. As the performance of financial markets has improved, the Government Reserve has closed down some of the facilities. The Money Market Investor Funding Facility expired on October 30, 2009, and the Asset-Backed CP Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility, the CP Funding Facility, the Primary Dealer Credit Facility, and the Term Instruments Providing Facility were closed on February 1, 2010. Also, the final Term Auction Facility auction was conducted on March 8, 2010. Monitory policy On balance over the first half of 2010, market banks scaled back their anticipated timing of the first increase in the target federal funds rate from its current range of 0  to 1/4  %, and they scaled back their anticipations of the pace with which monetary policy adjustment would be removed. Quotes on money market futures contracts mean that, as of mid-Jul 2010, investors anticipated trajectory for the federal funds rate rises more than the current target range in the first quarter of 2011, two quarters later than the quotes implied at the start of 2010. Investors also anticipate, on average, that the impelling federal funds rate will be around 1  % by the middle of 2012, about 1-1/4  %age points lower than anticipated at the starting of this year. Returns on longer-term nominal Treasury instruments fell strikingly, on net, over the first half of the year, while two-year returns fell somewhat less .Returns were generally little higher during the first quarter but dropped in the second quarter along with the decline in the anticipated path for monetary policy. Changed demand for Treasury instruments by investors looking for a haven from volatility in other markets has likely contributed to the decline in returns. On balance, over the first half of the year, returns on 2-year Treasury notes changed about 1/2  %age point to about 3/4  %, and returns on 10-year bonds fell about 3/4  %age point to about 3  %.   Chart of interest rates on selected Treasury securities, 2004 to 2010. Returns on Treasury inflation-protected instruments, or TIPS, declined markedly less than those on their nominal counterparts over the first half of the year, resulting in lower medium- and long-term inflation benefits. The decline in inflation benefits may have partly showed a drop in inflation anticipations given the depressed rates of growth in major price indexes over the time and indications that economic slowdown would remain substantial for some time. However, inferences about investors inflation anticipations based on TIPS have been complicated over recent years by special factors such as the safe-haven demands for nominal Treasury instruments and changes over time in the relative liquidity of TIPS and nominal Treasury instruments. Other Interest Rates In the CP market, over the first half of 2010, returns on lower-quality A2/P2-rated paper and on AA-rated asset-backed CP rose a bit from low levels, pushing up spreads over higher-quality AA-rated nonfinancial CP. Even so, spreads on both types of assets remain near the low end of the range observed since the fall of 2007. Returns on corporate bonds rated AA and BBB fell by less than those on comparable-maturity Treasury instruments over the first half of the year, resulting in a striking change in risk spreads. Returns on speculative-grade corporate bonds fell during much of the first quarter but rose striking during the second, leaving returns higher on net over the time and spreads somewhat more elevated. The widening of spreads appears to show a change in demand for risky assets stemming from concerns about improvements in Europe and the outlook for the global economy.   Chart of commercial paper spreads, 2007 to 2010.   Chart of spreads of corporate bond yields over comparable off-the-run Treasury yields, by securities rating, 1997 to 2010. Financial Market Working The working of financial market continued to improve during the first half of 2010. However, strains emerged in some markets. For example, the spread between the London interbank offered rate (Libor) and the rate on comparable-maturity overnight index swaps (OIS)a measure of stress in short-term bank funding marketsincreased over the first half of the year .The changes in Libor-OIS spreads were more pronounced at longer maturities. In instruments financing markets, bid-asked spreads and haircuts applied to collateral fell marginally.    Financial Banks   Credit default swap (CDS) spreads for banking bankswhich primarily show investors analysis of and willingness to bear the risk that those banks will default on their debt obligationschanged on net over the first half of the year, particularly for larger banking organizations. The widening in CDS spreads reportedly showed uncertainty about the outcome of legislation to reform the financial system With loan demand reportedly continuing to be weak and credit conditions remaining tight, total loans on banks books contracted during the first half of the year, though less rapidly than they had during the second half of 2009 after adjusting for the effects of changes in the accounting treatment of securitizations, all major categories of loans posted sizable downfall. Instruments holdings rose, on balance, showing substantial accumulation of Treasury instruments   Chart of spreads on credit default swaps for selected U.S. banks, 2007 to 2010.   Chart of change in total bank loans, 1990 to 2010.   Chart of selected interest rates, 2007 to 2010. Techniques for the Withdrawal of Monetary Policy Accommodation The Government Reserve has developed a number of techniques that will assist the removal of policy accommodation and change the quantity of portions held by the banking system at the enough time. These techniques include (1)  raising the interest rate paid on extra reserve portions (the IOER rate), (2)  executing term reverse repurchase agreements (RRPs) with the primary dealers and other counterparties, (3)  issuing term deposits to depository banks through the Term Deposit Facility (TDF), (4)  redeeming maturing and prepaid instruments held by the Government Reserve without reinvesting the proceeds, and (5)  Selling instruments held by the Government Reserve. All but the first of these techniques would shrink the supply of reserve portions; the last two would also change the size of the Federal Reserves balance sheet. Interest on Extra Portions Rate In their discussion of the IOER rate at the January meeting, all banks agreed that raising that rate and the target for the federal funds rate would be a key element of a move to less-accommodative monetary policy. Most banks thought that it likely would be enough to change the supply of reserve portions, to some extent, before raising the IOER rate and the target for the federal funds rate, in part because reducing the supply of reserve portions would tighten the link between short-term market rates and the IOER rate. However, several banks noted that draining operations might be seen as a predecessor to tightening and should be undertaken only when the Committee judged that an increase in its target for the federal funds rate would soon be enough. For the same reason, a few believed that it would be better to drain portions concurrently with the eventual change in the IOER and target rates. Reverse Repurchase Agreements At the January meeting, staff reported on successful tests of the Government Reserves ability to conduct term RRPs with primary dealers by arranging several small-scale transactions using Treasury instruments and agency debt as collateral; staff anticipated that the Government Reserve would be able to execute term RRPs against MBS later in the year and would have the capability to conduct RRPs with an spread outed set of counterparties shortly thereafter. The staff updated the Committee on the status of work on RRPs at following meetings. Term Deposit Facility In late December 2009, the  Government Register  published a notice requesting the publics input on a proposal for a TDF. At the January FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE meeting, Government Reserve staff indicated that they would analyze comments from the public in the coming weeks and then prepare a final proposal for the Boards approval. On April  30, the Government Reserve Board announced that it had approved amendments to Regulation  D (Reserve Requirements of Depository Banks) authorizing the Reserve Banks to offer term deposits to banks that are eligible to receive earnings on their portions at Reserve Banks. On May  10, the Government Reserve Board authorized up to five small-value offerings of term deposits under the TDF, which were designed to ensure the impellingness of TDF operations and to provide eligible banks with an opportunity to gain familiarity with the procedures. The first of these offerings, for $1  billion in 14-day term d eposits, was conducted on June 14. The auction had a stop-out rate of 27 basis points and a bid-to-cover ratio of marginally more than 6. The second offering, for $2  billion in 28-day deposits, was conducted on June 28. That auction had a stop-out rate of about 27 basis points and a bid-to-cover ratio of about 5-1/2. The third, for $2  billion in 84-day term deposits, was conducted on Jul 12. That auction had a stop-out rate of 31 basis points and a bid-to-cover ratio of about 3-3/4. Asset Redemptions and Sales Over the course of the FEDERAL OPEN MARKET COMMITTEE meetings conducted in the first half of 2010, banks discussed the eventual size and composition of the Government Reserves balance sheet and longer-run decisions for asset redemptions and sales. Banks agreed that any longer-run strategy for asset sales and redemptions should be concordant with the achievement of the Committees objectives of maximum employment and price firmness. Policymakers were also unanimous in the view that it will be enough to shrink the supply of reserve portions and the size of the Government Reserves balance sheet markedly over time. Moreover, they agreed that it will eventually be enough for the System Open Market Account to return its domestic holdings to only instruments issued by the U.S. Treasury, as was the case before the financial crisis. Meeting banks also agreed that sales of agency debt and agency MBS should be implemented in accordance with a framework communicated well in advance and be conduct ed at a gradual pace that potentially could be adjusted in response to improvements in economic and financial conditions. Monetary Aggregates The M2 monetary aggregate rose only modestly in the first half of 2010  Liquid deposits spread outed mildly, likely showing heightened household demand for safe and liquid assets. The monetary baseroughly equal to the sum of currency in circulation and the reserve portions of depository banks held at the Government Reservechanged at a 3-1/2  % annual rate in the first half of 2010, well below the 30  % rate posted in the second half of 2009. The low growth rate was largely attributable to the more gradual spreading out in reserve portions as the Government Reserves facility of large-scale asset buying came to an end.   Chart of M2 growth rate, 1990 to 2010. Comparative analysis Date    Repo rate RBI Fed 26-Oct-05    6.25 4.75 01-Nov-05    6.25 5 13-Dec-05    6.25 5.25 24-Jan-06    6.5 5.25 31-Jan-06    6.5 5.5 28-Mar-06    6.5 5.75 10-May-06    6.5 6 08-Jun-06    6.75 6 29-Jun-06    6.75 6.25 25-Jul-06    7 6.25 30-Oct-06    7.25 6.25 31-Jan-07    7.5 6.25 30-Mar-07    7.75 6.25 17-Aug-07    7.75 5.75 20-Sep-07    7.75 5.25 31-Oct-07    7.75 5 11-Dec-07    7.75 4.75 22-Jan-08    7.75 4 30-Jan-08    7.75 3.5 17-Mar-08    7.75 3.25 18-Mar-08    7.75 2.5 30-Apr-08    7.75 2.25 12-Jun-08    8 2.25 25-Jun-08    8.5 2.25 30-Jul-08    9 2.25 08-Oct-08    9 1.75 20-Oct-08    8 1.75 29-Oct-08    8 1.25 03-Nov-08    7.5 1.25 08-Dec-08    6.5 1.25 16-Dec-08    6.5 0.5 05-Jan-09    5.5 0.5 05-Mar-09    5 0.5 21-Apr-09    4.75 0.5 18-Feb-10    4.75 0.75 19-Mar-10    5 0.75 20-Apr-10    5.25 0.75 02-Jul-10    5.5 0.75 27-Jul-10    5.75 0.75 Date    Reverse Repo Rates RBI (RR Rates) US Fed (RR Rates) 29-Apr-05    5 2.75 26-Oct-05    5.25 3.75 24-Jan-06    5.5 4.25 31-Jan-06    5.5 4.5 28-Mar-06    5.5 4.75 10-May-06    5.5 5 08-Jun-06    5.75 5 29-Jun-06    5.75 5.25 25-Jul-06    6 5.25 18-Sep-06    6 4.75 31-Oct-06    6 4.5 11-Dec-06    6 4.25 22-Jan-08    6 3.5 30-Jan-08    6 3 18-Mar-08    6 2.25 30-Apr-08    6 2 08-Oct-08    6 1.5 29-Oct-08    6 1 08-Dec-08    5 1 16-Dec-08    5 0.25 05-Jan-09    4 0.25 05-Mar-09    3.5 0.25 21-Apr-09    3.25 0.25 19-Mar-10    3.5 0.25 20-Apr-10    3.75 0.25 02-Jul-10    4 0.25 27-Jul-10    4.5 0.25 Year Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) US(CPI) 2000 2.2 2001 3.4 2002 2.8 2003 1.6 2004 2.3 2005 2.5 2006 3.2 2007 2.5 2008 2.9 2009 3.8 Date Prime Lending Rate India (PLR) 19-Feb-01 11.5 01-Apr-02 11 01-Nov-02 10.75 5-May-03 10.5 01-Jan-04 10.25 1-May-06 10.75 02-Aug-06 11 27-Dec-06 11.5 20-Feb-07 12.25 9-Apr-07 12.75 16-Feb-08 12.5 27-Feb-08 12.25 27-Jun-08 12.75 12-Aug-08 13.75 10-Nov-08 13 01-Jan-09 11.75 Appendix 1.  Selected components of the Government Reserve balance sheet, 2009-10 (Mns of dollars) Instruments held outright Balance sheet item Dec. 30, 2009 Jul 7, 2010 Total assets 2,237,258 2,335,457 Selected assets    Credit extended to depository banks and dealers    Primary credit 19,111 17 Term auction credit 75,918 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Central bank liquidity swaps 10,272 1,245 Primary Dealer Credit Facility and other broker-dealer credit 0 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Credit extended to other market banks    Asset-Backed CP Money Market Mutual Fund Liquidity Facility 0 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Net portfolio holdings of CP Funding Facility LLC 14,072 1 Term Asset-Backed Instruments Loan Facility 47,532 42,278 Support of critical banks    Net portfolio holdings of Maiden Lane LLC, Maiden Lane II LLC, and Maiden Lane III LLC1 65,024 66,996 Credit extended to American International Group, Inc. 22,033 24,560 Preferred interests in AIA Aurora LLC and ALICO Holdings LLC 25,000 25,733 Instruments held outright    U.S. Treasury instruments 776,587 776,997 Agency debt instruments 159,879 164,762 Agency mortgage-backed instruments (MBS)2 908,257 1,118,290 MEMO    Term Instruments Providing Facility3 0 ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ Total liabilities 2,185,139 2,278,523 Selected liabilities    Government Reserve notes in circulation 889,678 907,698 Reverse repurchase agreements 70,450 62,904 Deposits held by depository banks 1,025,271 1,061,239 Of which: Term deposits ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 2,122 U.S. Treasury, general account 149,819 16,475 U.S. Treasury, supplemental financing account 5,001 199,963 Total capital 52,119 56,934 CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30TH  JUNE 2010 ISSUE DEPARTMENT (Rupees thousands) 2008-09 LIABILITIES 2009-10 2008-09 ASSETS    Notes held in the       Gold Coin and Bullion: 21,25,80 Banking Department 32,61,51    38326,27,06 (a) Held in India 48577,21,52 701655,32,71 Notes in Circulation 842008,36,40    (b) Held outside India          662064,41,42 Foreign Instruments 792300,92,96 701676,58,51 Total Notes issued 842040,97,91 700390,68,48 Total          239,47,03 Rupee Coin          1046,43,00 Government of India  Rupee Instruments          Internal Bills of Exchangeand other CP 701676,58,51 Total Liabilities 842040,97,91 701676,58,51 Total Assets BANKING DEPARTMENT 2008-09 LIABILITIES 2009-10 2008-09 ASSETS 5,00,00 Capital paid-up 5,00,00 21,25,80 Notes 6500,00,00 Reserve Fund 6500,00,00 4,77 Rupee Coin 18,00,00 National Industrial Credit(Long Term Operations) Fund 19,00,00 3,41 Small Coin 192,00,00 National Housing Credit(Long Term Operations)Fund 193,00,00          Deposits       Bills Purchased and Discounted :    (a)Government    (a) Internal 22990,42,88 (i) Central Government 36457,41,08 (b) External 41,34,50 (ii) State Governments 41,33,15 (c) Government Treasury Bills    (b)Banks          250664,49,62 (i) Scheduled Commercial Banks 307759,41,00       3520,91,11 (ii) Scheduled State Co-operative Banks 4065,43,76 512320,77,65 Portions Held Afull 3489,08,20 (iii) Other Scheduled Co-operative Banks 4986,76,82       67,07,47 (iv) Non-Scheduled State Co-operative Banks 68,63,80 151675,42,39 Investments 6671,76,11 (v) Other Banks 9224,79,62       16475,59,86 (c)Others 12807,72,53    Loans and Advances to :          (i) Central Government          (ii) State Governments 195,86,03 Bills Payable 79,45,62    Loans and Advances to:          280,00,00 (i) Scheduled Commercial Banks          (ii) Scheduled State Co-operative Banks          (iii) Other Scheduled Co-operative Banks          (iv) Non-Scheduled State Co-operative Banks          (v) NABARD          11102,82,48 (vi) Others 395707,55,24 Other Liabilities 328809,35,60    Loans, Advances and Investments from NationalIndustrial Credit (Long Term Operations) Fund:             (a) Loans and Advances to:          (i) Industrial Development Bank of India          (ii) Export Import Bank of India          (iii) Industrial Investment Bank of India Ltd.          (iv) Others             (b) Investments in bonds/ debenturesissued by:          (i) Industrial Development Bank of India          (ii) Export Import Bank of India          (iii) Industrial Investment Bank of India Ltd.          (iv) Others             Loans, Advances and Investments from NationalHousing Credit (Long Term Operations) Fund:          (a) Loans and Advances to National Housing Bank          (b) Investments in bonds/ debentures issued by National Housing Bank          31138,74,52 Other Assets 706539,11,02 Total Liabilities 711017,32,98 706539,11,02 Total Assets

Thomas Jefferson’s Vision of a Free Holding Yeoman Society Free Essays

Thomas Jefferson is considered as one of the most influential personalities in the history of the US. Jefferson who was the third President of the United States is regarded as one of the most prominent figures in the US, is characteristically known for his ideological promotions of republicanism in his stint as the president. Some of the famous events that are associated with his presidency include the 1803 Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark Expedition during the period between 1804 and 1806. We will write a custom essay sample on Thomas Jefferson’s Vision of a Free Holding Yeoman Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thomas Jefferson is also accredited for authoring the Declaration of Independence and since he was a philosophical thinker and politician, he idealized the concept of a free holding yeoman society which was a series of complex ideologies which emphasized various virtues. It was during the 18th century that a number of influential â€Å"poets, politicians and economists created in America a complex of ideas which has been called the Jeffersonian myth† (Hess, 1992). This concept generally emphasized various virtues with simplicity and purity leading and the principal dictated a variety of social choices. The Yeoman term generally refers to farmers who usually cultivate their own land. The yeoman thus can be considered as a small farmer who holds a piece of land. Since Jefferson hailed from this type of yeoman society, he had first class experience of the issues and challenges they faced and therefore in his presidency he decided to make amends so as to ensure that this class in the society was prosperous. This philosophy was coined in a time that could be considered appropriate for a country that was settled by â€Å"land hungry men† (Hess, 1992). Most English men were used to a social system in which the ownership of land was a symbol of a man’s stand in the society and the political power that he yielded. Thomas Jefferson and J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur came up with a philosophy that dictated the natural rights of any man to own land and that the ownership of land by any man obviously gives him a social status and dignity. The philosophy goes further to describe how mans interaction with nature â€Å"makes him virtuous and happy†. This philosophical thinking as Jefferson and his colleague tend to challenge the government is that it â€Å"should be dedicated to the interests of the freehold farmer† (Hess, 1992). This policies and principles held a lot of significance for Jefferson who is considered as the brains behind the western land policy. In Jefferson’s own words he described the small and self sufficient as â€Å"the chosen people of God† and thus asserted their importance if the new republic would have any chance to survive. Jefferson described the â€Å"virtuous yeoman† as the moral backbone that would lead the nation to greater heights and thus prosperity would be easily achievable (Hess, 1992). The issue of land was embedded deep in Jefferson’s heart and he believed that it was the core of an envisioned republic. Thomas Jefferson had a landscape vision that mainly depended on the unlimited expansion of most of the wilderness in the country and thus make it the peoples will to settle and subdue it for settlement and cultivation purposes. This vision was just a vision and its applicability mainly depended on the prudence of the government of that period in applying the â€Å"public land policies fairly and justly†. Jefferson held the belief in his heart that â€Å"land was the clay from which a free society would be molded and preserved† (Hess, 1992). However, one of the issues that he had to deal with was those of religion. Although religion was a predominant force during his government, it had failed to provide what Jefferson’s landscape vision promised to produce. Land in this era was considered to offer the much needed cohesion and was therefore viewed as an â€Å"icon of secular religion† (Hess, 1992). The success of Jefferson‘s policies and philosophical thinking are still evident today and the western range is the product of his landscape vision. The landscape vision which was envisioned in the â€Å"Jeffersonian agrarianism† was built on a firm foundation (Hess, 1992). This had the obvious effects of spilling its advantages in the years that were to follow and most of its effects are still visible today. The western range which was a harsh testament of nature in the state of a wilderness became a land that would become exceedingly abundant. However, the alteration of nature and its overuse can be considered as one of the negative aspects of his landscape vision. Various factors one of them being drought led to the overstocking of the ranges in a way that nature was almost strained beyond its holding capacity and thus became unforgiving with adverse effects. Collisions among farmers with diverse wants is also a major shortcomings but the experience that was gained from the harsh reactions of nature served to teach the inhabitants valuable lessons and thus take some measures into considerations during when setting future plans. How to cite Thomas Jefferson’s Vision of a Free Holding Yeoman Society, Papers

Catch 22 Essay Thesis Example For Students

Catch 22 Essay Thesis Catch 22A cult classic, Catch-22 is also considered a classic in American literature. It tells the story of Captain John Yossarian, bombardier in the U.S. Army Air Force in the Second World War. Yossarian sees himself as one powerless man in an overpoweringly insane situation. Heller himself was a bombardier for the U.S. Army in the Second World War, flying in combat over Italy. He flew 60 missions before he was discharged as a lieutenant at the end of the war. After the war, Heller took a job as a copywriter for a small New York advertising agency. In 1953 he started working on Catch-22 which he didnt complete until 1961. There was only one catch and that was Catch-22, which specified that a concern for ones safety in the face of dangers that were real and immediate was the process of a rational mind. Orr was crazy and could be grounded. All he had to do was ask; and as soon as he did, he would no longer be crazy and would have to fly more missions. Orr would be crazy to fly more missions and sane if he didnt, but if he was sane he had to fly them. If he flew them he was crazy and didnt have to; but if he didnt want to he was sane and had to. Yossarian was moved very deeply by the absolute simplicity of this clause of Catch-22 and let out a respectful whistle. Thats some catch, that Catch-22, he observed. Its the best there is, Doc Daneeka agreed. One of the most important qualities of Catch-22 is its experimentation with the experience of time; by presenting a linear narrative in a mixed-up order, the novel both deprioritizes development toward an end as a feature of its plot and conveys the impression that, as Yossarian is afraid to confront a life that ends in death, the novel itself is skittish about the idea of the passing of time, which leads toward death. Breaking up the time flow is, in a sense, an attempt to defy mortality. In these early chapters, Dunbar presents an important alternative to this approach: he knows he is trapped in linear time, but he hopes to live as long as possible in it by making time move more slowly in his perception. So he courts boredom and discomfort, because time seems to pass more slowly when he is bored or uncomfortable. The separation of the actual passage of time from the experience of that passage is, for Dunbar, an attempt to regain control of a life constantly threatened by the violence of war. ****** The first time Yossarian ever goes to the hospital, he is still a private. He feigns an abdominal pain, then mimics the mysterious ailment of the soldier who saw everything twice. He spends Thanksgiving in the hospital, and vows to spend all future Thanksgivings there; but he spends the next Thanksgiving in bed with Lieutenant Scheisskopfs wife, arguing about God. Once Yossarian is cured of seeing everything twice, he is asked to pretend to be a dying soldier for a mother and father who have traveled to see their son, who died that morning. Yossarian allows them to bandage his face, and pretends to be the soldier. ****** ***** Huple A fifteen year-old pilot; the pilot on the mission to Avignon on which Snowden is killed. Huple is Hungry Joes roommate, and his cat likes to sleep on Hungry Joes face. ***** ***** One evening Nately finds.. his whore in Rome again after a long search. He tries to convince Yossarian and Aarfy to take two of her friends for thirty dollars each. Aarfy objects that he has never had to pay for sex. Natelys whore is sick of Nately, and begins to swear at him; then Hungry Joe arrives, and the group abandons Aarfy and goes to the apartment building where the girls live. Here they find a seemingly endless flow of naked young women; Hungry Joe is torn between taking in the scene and rushing back for his camera. .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .postImageUrl , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:hover , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:visited , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:active { border:0!important; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:active , .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9fc20e0561c57f5c9aa1e7726ff9deb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computer Crime (815 words) Essay Nately argues with an old man who lives at the building about nationalism and moral dutythe old man claims Italy is doing better than America in the war because it has already been occupied, so Italian boys are no longer being killed. He gleefully admits to swearing loyalty to whatever nation happens to be in power. The patriotic, idealistic Nately cannot believe his ears, and argues somewhat haltingly for Americas international supremacy and the values it represents. But he is troubled because, though they are absolutely nothing alike, the old man reminds him of his father. ***** ** The chaplain then learns that Corporal Whitcomb has been promoted to sergeant by Colonel Cathcart for an idea that the colonel believes will land him in the Saturday Evening Post. The chaplain tries to mingle with the men at the officers club, but Colonel Cathcart periodically throws him out. The chaplain takes to doubting everything, even God. ** More importantly, the syndicate represents a dangerous kind of collectivityin this enterprise governed by amoral expediency, everybody has a share. In this light, the syndicate becomes almost a parody of communism: it is nominally a collective but is actually run by a single despot; the economic rationalization of the syndicate resembles the moral rationalization of a dehumanized collective, which might agree that it is in everybodys best interest for Milo to bomb his own squadron and kill, wound, and maim a number of his fellow soldiers. Still, Yossarian seems to like Milo, and Yossarian is undeniably the moral compass of the novel. But Milo is continually presented as a threatening figurewhile Yossarian sits naked in the tree at Snowdens funeral in a highly Biblical scene, Milo almost seems like the serpent in the Garden of Eden, there to tempt the innocent with chocolate-covered cotton and the promise of a fast buck. The absurd chapter on the death of Doc Daneeka represents perhaps the most extreme moment of beaureaucratic confusion in the entire novel. Paperwork has the power to make a man who is clearly alive officially dead, and those in charge of the beaureaucracy would rather lose the man than try to confront the forms. Painfully, Mrs. Daneeka becomes complicit in her husbands red-tape murder when she decides to take the insurance payments as a higher authority than his own letter protesting that he is really alive. And so Doc Daneeka realizes that he is actually dead; in a kind of extreme version of Mudds case, death is no longer a matter of biology, it is simply a matter of paperwork. The soldiers powerlessness over their own lives extends even to their own deaths, which can be enforced upon them living, not only by a gun but by the fall of a stamp.

MAR free essay sample

A bald-headed black man strides into the meadow and stands before 57 students lined shoulder to shoulder. â€Å"If you’re satisfied with life, step forward. If not, step back.† Fifty-seven students take a step. â€Å"If your parents are divorced, step back. If they’re happy, step forward. If you don’t know, stay put† Forty students step. The rest stand still. Although I missed the opening dance of senior year, I learned important lessons by attending MAR, Culver’s weekend Multicultural Awareness Retreat. From cultural mash-ups to role-playing skits to the â€Å"Starting Line† game, 57 students and 15 faculty learned about living in a diverse world. When â€Å"Starting Line† began, we closed our eyes, and responded to questions about our social and economic background, our faith and sexuality. We stepped forward or backward when we believed our answers were social advantages or disadvantages. After 40 questions, still blindfolded, I figured I was in the middle. We will write a custom essay sample on MAR or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But I wasn’t. I was third from front. I’d never realized my life was so good, at least compared to my friends’. We were told to look at who was in front of us, who was behind us, who was beside us. How different we are from each other, but how much we are the same. Culver’s 800 students come from 26 countries and 37 states, but the University of Michigan will be far larger, more diverse, more challenging. I will bring the acceptance from MAR to U-Mich community; I will be part of the rich diversity of campus life.

Free Essays on What Does It Really Mean To See

What Does it Mean to See? â€Å"Amazing grace how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me. I once was lost but now I’m found. T’was blind but now I see.† This song is very old, but it’s message is timeless. This song is not talking about the physical as much as the spiritual. It talks about being saved by God and His grace, and how this saving has allowed the song writer to live and see through his heart. This new sight allows him to see God in everything, and by seeing God, the true light, he is never going in the wrong direction. â€Å"Amazing Grace† says a lot, and it speaks directly to us as a class as we learn to take a step back a put on our spiritual glasses as I’ve always called it. In particular we are learning what a sacrament is, beyond those given to us through scripture. As a class we are using each other’s stories and the stories of published peoples to aide us in our quest. We are learning what it truly means to see, looking beyond the physi cal and into the spiritual, connecting us to God. One of the first people we were introduced to was Dewitt Jones, a photographer for National Geographic. He helped us to understand the power of perspective in a very tangible manner, by using photography as an analogy for life. This enabled him to give us great instructions for seeing. One thing he said that struck with me was, â€Å"We have the ability to look at the ordinary and see the extraordinary.† In my opinion, the real message behind this statement, instructs us to take a more active role in seeing. It means no longer can we look in the direction of something and say we saw it, we have to dig deeper than that. We have to look beyond the general picture, and really notice the intricacies, all the parts that make up the whole. Jones also says, â€Å"Reframe difficulties or dullness into opportunities.† This is great because so often we miss life’s most beautiful art because we can’t see past the frame it i... Free Essays on What Does It Really Mean To See Free Essays on What Does It Really Mean To See What Does it Mean to See? â€Å"Amazing grace how sweet the sound that saved a wretch like me. I once was lost but now I’m found. T’was blind but now I see.† This song is very old, but it’s message is timeless. This song is not talking about the physical as much as the spiritual. It talks about being saved by God and His grace, and how this saving has allowed the song writer to live and see through his heart. This new sight allows him to see God in everything, and by seeing God, the true light, he is never going in the wrong direction. â€Å"Amazing Grace† says a lot, and it speaks directly to us as a class as we learn to take a step back a put on our spiritual glasses as I’ve always called it. In particular we are learning what a sacrament is, beyond those given to us through scripture. As a class we are using each other’s stories and the stories of published peoples to aide us in our quest. We are learning what it truly means to see, looking beyond the physi cal and into the spiritual, connecting us to God. One of the first people we were introduced to was Dewitt Jones, a photographer for National Geographic. He helped us to understand the power of perspective in a very tangible manner, by using photography as an analogy for life. This enabled him to give us great instructions for seeing. One thing he said that struck with me was, â€Å"We have the ability to look at the ordinary and see the extraordinary.† In my opinion, the real message behind this statement, instructs us to take a more active role in seeing. It means no longer can we look in the direction of something and say we saw it, we have to dig deeper than that. We have to look beyond the general picture, and really notice the intricacies, all the parts that make up the whole. Jones also says, â€Å"Reframe difficulties or dullness into opportunities.† This is great because so often we miss life’s most beautiful art because we can’t see past the frame it i...

Tourism in China Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Tourism in China - Research Proposal Example This attracts them to countries overseas, which provide them with what they see in an ideal holiday destination. Besides, the surveys hence conducted, benefit the companies in knowing on what planes it needs to improve and fortify its image. Also, these surveys helped the companies to know what exactly the Chinese tourists love and expect from their hosts. What the customer likes and dislikes, what he/she needs to feel at home in the destination, etc are some of the questions that have been chosen to be included in the questionnaires. The general perspective of the research can be framed as to find out the reason why the Chinese find it compelling to spend their holidays overseas. The essential objects in this research are the tourism corporations, the Chinese customers and their purchasing power. The relationship between the tourism corporations and the Chinese tourists is of great importance in this context. They have also moved forward and have broken their traditional ties. The f acts and figures given in the paper are also authentic and have relevant sources associated with them. Various book sources and also magazine excerpts have been used to explain further the idea behind Chinese burst towards overseas holidays. Moreover, those who have been more than once to abroad for holidaying, also provide the first time consumers with a review of their chosen holiday destination. Some of the reports were also seen which showed the previous trends regarding Chinese tourism. The report also presented facts and figures regarding different classes of people in China with varied consumption capabilities. Finally, it can be seen that the trend is picking up fast and it has been seen that China's outbound tourism has been back to a double-digit growth since October this year despite the negative impact of the global financial crisis. Also, the number of tourists who have been following the trend has been increasing manifolds. This study ultimately proves that Chinese are no longer behind the herd of those traveling abroad for holidays and recreation. INTRODUCTION Consumers form the pillar for any company's profit. Any company's main motive is consumer satisfaction. Satisfaction will affect the consumer's belief about the brand (Bitta, Loudon, 2002). But how does an organization know which consumer to target, what to produce or what do the consumers like to buy for themselves How does it decide which kind of marketing strategy to follow What cultures do the customers follow Culture is composed of public meaning and practices, and associated mental processes and responses (de Mooji, 2004). And most importantly, how does a company know which consumers it needs to target The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues explained above (Perner, 1999). Organizations study the needs and requirements of their customers and then target them to increase its overall profits. The most important thing is to understand the psychology of the customer. How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer (Perner, 1999). Companies do this, and much more which makes them understan d the exact marketing strategy they need to follow to bait customers. There are many applications

Market failure Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Market failure - Research Paper Example Experts opine that there are multiple reasons that have worked behind the extinction of the cod. The most noteworthy reason that worked to this outcome is that the market could not allocate the resource efficiently and the federal government did not have any comprehensive policy for developing the fishing industry in a sustainable manner. This made the fishing zones vulnerable to over fishing and it led to over exploitation of the resource. This creates a negative externality since the ecological balance is lost due to depletion of the natural resources beyond normal replenishing capability of nature. Once faced with the depleting fish reserve, the Government of Canada took reconstructive steps to allow the population of the extinct species to grow and launched a process of strict monitoring of fishing activities in the zone. Background By the first decade of the 16th century, the news spread like fire that the fishing ports along the northern coast of Europe were a rich reserve of d ifferent species of marine fish (Emery). By the beginning of the 1990s, the cod fisheries were exploited ravenously. The once-plentiful stock of cod along with several other species had dwindled and reached the brink of becoming extinction. After the stories of cod fisheries spread, foreign fishermen started to catch cod from this zone. They made use of efficient technology highly efficient technology that helped fishermen to locate the position of fishes and harvest exceptionally large amounts of the fish, particularly cod. Stronger vessels, such as technologically advanced trawlers allowed big fishing fleets to visit this zone and from distant places and work on these shores for several months at a stretch. Fishing became an important economic activity and it was left to the market for demand to be supplied with adequate quantities. Hence this led to maximization of the individual private fishermen’s profit objective. This led to catching of fish following the commercial ob jectives of increasing production efficiency. Overestimation of the magnitude of stock of cod fish in these fisheries by the government officials in the countries of Europe and by some international bodies allowed the harvesting of fish, which crossed the limit of sustainable harvest (â€Å"Cod Moratorium†). Quotas were assigned sometimes by these organizations, but, these conformed to the economic requirements of these countries and did not comply with the ecological requirements. The outcome of this phenomenon was a situation of overexploitation of the northern cod. In 1991, the catch rate reduced significantly and also the concentration of large fish reduced (Emery). This led to reduction of fishing activity in the region. The total allowable catch was reduced by the Canadian government in 1991. A two-year moratorium was put on the harvest of northern cod in July in the same year. One year later, in July 1992, the Canadian government shut down the industry for an infinite period of time. Issue: Market failure in Canadian fisheries Economic incentives for overfishing The tragedy of commons A classic example of the tragedy of commons is the case of depleting northern cod stock. High sea fisheries in the pacific are a common resource and do not have any specific owner. Therefore these resources are exploited with the profit motive of the

Story of Mary Magdalene

Story of Mary Magdalene A continued interest and associations with Mary Magdalene provided for further examination. The relevance of her time as a example of inspiration to all who still find their paths of sincerity and goodwill marked by scandal and controversy. The following personal journal entry may serve to clarify this interest. One of the most interesting and inspirational women of the bible, is Mary Magdalene. Her apparent dedication to Jesus despite ridicule, jealously and un-acceptance amongst his friends can be related to by many women throughout history. The importance of whether she was a prostitute, Jesus wife or both becomes less relevant than the conflicts she faced in her times and her steadfast dedication to Him, regardless of definition of relationship between and degree of intimacy expressed. Many women throughout history and today find themselves judged in societal situations in which they have to determine their dedication and faith within their relationship and would find Mary Magdalenes decisions and actions inspirational and reassuring to see that they are not alone in their situation. Mary Magdalenes influence and role in the bible seem to be one of the best influences in humanize Jesus. Showing us some the personal and emotional challenges that Jesus faced as a person and therefore having his life experience expressed in a way everyone, at some point in their lives can relate to. While the recount says that all of the disciples fled, out of fear, when Jesus was crucified, it is only Mary Magdalene that is recounted in all 4 versions of the Gospel to be near or by Jesus side during this horrific experience. Guess you know who your friends are when the chips are down. This brief recap of a previous journal entry was used to outline what is recognized as the most personally relevant stories of the bible and the observations regarding them. The following stories of Mary Magdalene from the bible are as powerful and relevant to the lives of many and in addition work to help me appreciate, understand and complete my initial observations. The following is taken from http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm Mary Magdalenes story is contained in four different events: Mary Magdalene as a disciple of Jesus (Luke 8:1-3) Mary is mentioned as the woman whom Jesus cured of an unspecified illness. She was expelled of seven different demons. The number seven may have been used to emphasize the severity of the illness. She led a group of women who provided for Jesus and his followers from their own financial resources. The following is quoted from http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm She was committed. MAR 8:34, 35 Then he called the crowd to him along with his disciples and said: If anyone would come after me, he must deny himself and take up his cross and follow me. For whoever wants to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for me and for the gospel will save it. she had followed Him from Galilee, her home (Mat 27:55; MAR 15:41; LUK 23:49). LUK 23:49 But all those who knew him, including the women who had followed him from Galilee, stood at a distance, watching these things. MAT 27:55, 56 Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees sons. she cared for Jesus needs (MAT 27:55; MAR 15:41). MAT 27:55 Many women were there, watching from a distance. They had followed Jesus from Galilee to care for his needs. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedees sons. MAR 15:41 In Galilee these women had followed him and cared for his needs. Many other women who had come up with him to Jerusalem were also there. *she gave whatever she could to further Gods cause- This is a demonstration of Jesus acceptance of the independent woman. This was revolutionary in and of itself given the perceptions of woman of the times. Mary at the crucifixion (Mark 15:40-41, Luke 23:49, Matthew 27:55-56, John 19:25) In each of the four gospels of the crucifixion Mary was present, either standing at a distance with other women, or standing near the cross. Mary prepared Jesus body for burial (Luke 23:55-56, Matthew 27:61) Mary watched as Jesus body was sealed inside the tomb of Joseph of Arimathea. She could confirm that he was really dead. She and the other women prepared the spices needed for proper burial of a body. Jewish tombs: Jews followed the custom of burial in natural and artificial caves. Generally only the rich used tombs, with the poor using pits, cisterns, caves, and earthen graves outside their cities. Tombs were located in gardens attached to homes, within city walls, on elevated sites, on hillsides, and in caves (natural and hand hewn). this information is from The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, vol. 5, pg.772. Prophets and kings were buried within the city limits; everyone else was buried outside the city limits. Wealthy tombs were often cut into rock, some containing several chambers. The entrance was closed by rolling around rolling-stone down an inclined plane in front of the mouth of the sepulcher. this information is from Manners and Customs of Bible Lands, by Fred H. Wright, Moody Press, co. 1953, pgs. 144,145. 4 Mary witnesses the resurrection (Mark 16:1-11, Luke 24:1-11, Matthew 28:1-10, John 20:1-18). Mary found that Jesus body was no longer in the tomb. She received a message from an angel and was the first person to see the risen Jesus. She was thus the first witness of the resurrection. The ethical cultural and political environment surrounding the people of this time played a strong influence on the interpretation of Mary Magdalenes life. Even with the stark contrast of todays environment of Middle America the relevance of interpretation of the power and influence of this women offers as an example for todays woman. The people of Jesus time lived in a state occupied by Roman rule, law and allegiance to Cesar, King of the Roman Empire. The Jewish state in this region was allowed certain amount of religious tolerance provided that legal and economic sanctions were upheld by the Jews with regard to Roman rule. The following quote is taken from http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm Greek philosophy was greatly admired at the time of Jesus, and it had a profound impact on the way that people saw their world. One of the greatest philosophers, Plato, proposed the theory of dualism, suggesting that everything in the cosmos had an equal and opposite other. This theory had a profound impact on the way that women were viewed, and it was not to womens advantage. Woman was placed in a category containing elements that were viewed as negative: Civilization was the ideal; Nature was mistrusted and potentially dangerous. Logic and reason were admired, and emotion was to be subordinated. Goodness was always preferable to evil. Light, especially in the pre-industrial world, was preferred to darkness These are examples only, but they show that Platonic dualism placed women in a negative category. They were seen as closer to the natural/animal world than men. By nature they were irrational and untrustworthy, and therefore unfit to make their own decisions and govern their own lives. They had to be looked after and controlled, never treated as equals. This differed from the traditional Jewish way of looking at the world, which saw all things in creation as integrated and complementary, rather than as opposites of each other. An example of this is the creation story of Eve, which relates that the first woman was created from a rib taken by God from Adams side, thereby suggesting that a man could never be fully complete unless he was in partnership with a woman. Jewish and Jewish/Christian women resisted the ideas of Platonic dualism, which patronized them and diminished their status. While Christianity remained a Jewish sect, the status ofwomen within the Christian communities was high. But as the ideas of Christianity moved out into the Gentile, Hellenised world, the first Christians found they had to use the Greek philosophical framework to explain their beliefs and be accepted.So Jesus original ideal of mutual respect between the sexes was watered down and changed. Women found they were given roles that were acceptable in the outside, Hellenistic culture. In doing so, the Christian church stepped back from the radical ideals of the first Jewish/Christians. The following excerpt was taken from http://www.watton.org/wftk/teaching/mary_magdalene.htm Jesus sees women as they were created equal reflectors of Gods image. God created us in his image we mirror a family resemblance of Him. 2 Cor.3:18 And we, who with unveiled faces all reflect the Lords glory, are being transformed into his likeness with ever-increasing glory, which comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit. This doesnt mean our physical nature but our spiritual and moral nature. We are able to communicate. We are creative, and that gives us joy and satisfaction. We experience emotions and feelings. We know the difference between right and wrong. We are responsible for our actions. Even though the original relationship between God and man was cut by the fall, God has pursued his children through the ages, sending his son Jesus so that we might be reconciled to God and become his sons and daughters. His image is reflected in us. Because of Jesus the image is brought back into focus so that his glory shines from the reflection. Jesus is in each one of us, you and me, and His glory shines out. This examination of Mary Magdalenes life and times has offered clarity in relating to those hardships and challenges and has served as an inspiration to women of all times. WORK CITED Biblical References have been noted as used throughout this document. http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm http://www.biblebb.com/files/kss/kss-mmag.htm Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible, vol. 5, pg.772. Manners and Customs of Bible Lands, by Fred H. Wright, Moody Press, co. 1953, pgs. 144,145. http://www.womeninthebible.net/2.2.Mary_Magdalene.htm http://www.watton.org/wftk/teaching/mary_magdalene.htm